By the middle of the 16th century, the entire Central and South America was under Spanish colonial rule. The people of the Spanish colonies, especially the Indians, did not want to be slaves. They opposed Spanish colonial exploitation and oppression through various forms.
In the 1770s, first in Argentina and then in Peru, an Indian uprising broke out. The Indians in Peru, due to their dense population and high cultural level, have a strong nostalgia for the "empire" of the ancient Inca, so the struggle against the white colonists is very firm and lasting.
There were several large-scale Indian uprisings in Peru in the 18th century. In 1742, the Peruvian people's uprising led by Juan Santos involved tens of thousands of participants. The Spanish colonists sent a large number of troops to suppress the uprising.