Constantinople
The Russian representative, Alexander Menshkov, who lost face at the negotiating table, was quickly found, but the method was a little embarrassing.
On April 2, 1851, Menshkov visited Sudan and, in a very domineering tone, ordered the Sudanese government to dismiss the pro-British and French foreign minister Fuad and replace him with pro-Russian Rifat.
Facts have proved that crude means are often the most direct and effective. Under the pressure of the Russians, the Sudanese government compromised.
Menshkov used practical actions to tell the world who is the boss in the Near East. Politicians from all over the world lost their voices collectively, and in the face of a player who did not abide by the rules, everyone would feel a headache.
Britain and France, who have been beaten in the face, will naturally not be willing to fail, but in the Near East, they have no way of speaking with the Russians, or even lower than Austria.
Waiting for them to take action, Menshkov sent a diplomatic note to the Sudanese government, accusing the Sudanese government of unfair treatment of the Orthodox Church, and demanded that the two countries sign an agreement that the Russian government would manage the Orthodox Christians, and the Ottoman government should not interfere in the affairs of the Orthodox Church. .
Injustice is inevitable. In fact, the Sudanese government has relaxed its religious policy in this era in an attempt to eliminate religious conflicts in the country.
It is a pity that this contradiction has continued since the establishment of the Ottoman Empire. It cannot be solved by a government decree, and the intervention of the Russians has made the situation even more chaotic.
… (for specific religious issues, 10,000 words are omitted)
The Russian demands have touched the bottom line of the Ottoman Empire. If this condition is agreed, it means that more than one-third of the population will be handed over to the Russians for management.
Britain and France could not bear the Russians' expansion of their sphere of influence. At this time, the British had realized that war was inevitable.
London
After the negotiation in Constantinople was passed back, the British government was considering how to choose in the next Russo-Turkish war.
Foreign Secretary Palmerston thought for a moment and said: "Your Excellency, to suppress the ambitions of the Russians, it is not enough to win over the French, we must get the support of Austria.
When necessary, we can organize a European coalition and join forces to curb the Russian ambitions. "
John Russell shook his head and said: "Mr Palmerston, the issue of organizing coalition forces is put on hold for the time being, we all know that things are not so simple.
On the issue of Russia, European countries have different attitudes. Many countries do not suffer from pain. It is almost impossible for them to work together to fight against the Russians.
Let’s talk about how to win over Austria. If we can pull them over and combine the power of the three countries, we can suppress the Russians in the Near East. "
Palmerston analyzed: "The intelligence sent back from Constantinople shows that the Russians and Austria have reached a compromise, the specific conditions of which we do not know.
Now that the Russians have acknowledged Austria's sphere of influence in the Balkans, Austria has in return supported Russian ambitions for the Ottoman Empire.
This kind of compromise does not mean that the contradiction between the two countries on the Balkan issue no longer exists, but is temporarily suppressed by common interests.
In the Russian appetite, even if the two countries reach an agreement, they will eventually break up because of conflict of interest. It is impossible for the Austrian government to be unaware of these issues.
Metternich's old fox will stand on the side of the Russians this time, which also marks a change in the Austrian government's national policy.
It seems that the collapse of the Vienna system has hit the Austrians hard, and now they no longer want a European balance. In this regard, we have lost an ally in European policy.
Being neighbors with the Russians requires staying awake at all times, and taking a nap can mean danger. The current Austrian government is preparing for disaster.
Carving up the Balkans is just a superficial reason. More than that, the Austrian government felt threatened and was unwilling to continue to assume the responsibility of blocking the Russians.
If you want to hold off the Russians by provoking the Russo-Turkish war and buy time for domestic development, the expansion in the Balkans is only incidental. "
By this time, the London government had regretted the collapse of the Vienna system. After the collapse of the Vienna system, they were indeed able to get out of their restrictions and intervene in European affairs, but the results were not ideal.
From supporting the Kingdom of Sardinia to the current crisis in the Near East, the London government has hardly achieved any decent results in diplomacy.
Now the situation in Europe has become more complicated, involving a lot of their energy. On the contrary, it is not as good as the Vienna system era. The European continent is balanced and stable, and they can rest assured and boldly expand their power overseas.
In this respect, the Vienna system also achieved the hegemony of the British Empire.
The Minister of State asked suspiciously: "Mr. Palmerston, according to your judgment, it is impossible for us to win over Austria?"
The Austrian Empire has always been on the front line of anti-Russia, and the two countries have not become enemies. The diplomatic ability of the Habsburg family is evident.
Such confrontation is obviously not conducive to the development and growth of Austria. The energy of the government has been exhausted by its neighbors, how can it still develop itself
Before the collapse of the Vienna system, the Austrian government had asked the British for help, asking the London government to pay for the maintenance of the system, which was rejected by the then government.
The suggestion given by the British at the beginning was to let the Austrian government carry out social reforms, and after the social reforms were completed, there would be money.
Facts have proved that after the completion of social reform, the financial difficulties can indeed be reversed. However, the current Austrian government is no longer interested in the Vienna system.
I worked hard for the balance of Europe, but the biggest beneficiary under the system was making a fortune in silence, and it would not be balanced in anyone's mind.
After thinking about it, Palmerston replied: "It depends on the Russians. If they can make the Austrian government feel threatened, then we can win Austria over."
This is also true in history. Austria's defection was not because of the temptation of the interests of Britain and France, nor because of the conflict of interests in the O'Donau River Basin in Russia. The most important thing is that it felt threatened.
For the sake of one's own strategic security, it is normal to turn away from allies. Even if Franz was replaced, when the Russians showed too much strength to threaten Austria, he would also choose to jump back.
The same is true of the Russians, if Austria is too powerful to threaten them, they will still become enemies.
…
Since the passage of the military expansion bill, Austria has set off an upsurge in joining the army. The allure of land is huge, especially after the meritorious servants in the last war got the land and became a role model.
The soldiers who joined the army last time had better luck. They fought against the wind from start to finish. They didn't realize the cruelty of war. Even if there is cruelty, it is also for the enemy.
This military expansion and preparations for war is about to directly say that the Ottoman Empire is going to be fought. If it was two hundred years ago, to attack the Ottoman Empire, everyone's first reaction was definitely fear, and now everyone's eyes are left with military exploits.
Who brought down the Ottoman Empire? Austria and Russia join forces, still can't beat Ottoman
The risk is small, and the reward is rich, so it is natural for people to flock to it.
Not to mention ordinary people, even the nobles are trying their best to enter the army to serve in the army. In a war destined to be won, everyone wants to go in for military exploits.
This kind of opportunity is not easy to come across. If you miss this opportunity, you still don't know when the next foreign war will be.
In front of the conscription point, there is already a long queue. The idea of "getting fame and fame right away" is very popular in continental Europe.
In this era, if you want to stand out, making military exploits on the battlefield is the best shortcut. Especially for people at the bottom, this is almost their only way to the upper class.
In the last war, many reserve officers and soldiers also shined brilliantly. In the eyes of many people, even if they cannot enter the regular army, entering the reserve is a good choice.
Austria's military status is very high, even reservists are respected.
A young officer looked at the long queue, sighed and said, "A lot of people came today. It seems that our recruitment standards may still be improved."
A middle-aged officer next to him glared at him dissatisfied, and said, "Wellston, don't sigh with emotion, just organize a test for me.
Remember that this time, the priority admission is Austrian, so that after getting the troops, I have to train them. "
"Yes, Major!" Wellston replied immediately
Austria has not issued a clear language exclusion bill, but the government, military, enterprises and other institutions have tacitly agreed to give priority to those who can use the Austrian language.
In the folk dialect, it is: "You don't know any common language. Do you want me to match you with a translator?"
This is the most realistic problem. The language barrier and the communication remain unchanged. After the birth of the society, finding a job has become the first problem.
Even nationalists have to accept this social reality. Finding a job is impossible without learning Austrian.
Want preferential treatment? Sorry, employers in Austria have the right to freely choose the talents they need, and the government is not allowed to interfere at will.
After three years of promotion, although the Austrian language has not achieved universal popularization, most people in the city have mastered the common language.
Now this scene can be seen in many parts of Austria. In order to do this, the Austrian government has also spent a lot of money.
Especially when the promotion was just started, it was resisted by many nationalists. It's a pity that they were unlucky, just in time for the Great Revolution, and the troublemakers were harmed.
What annoyed them the most was that, after the Austrian government's perverse actions, not only did not arouse public anger, but the domestic situation improved rapidly.
Up to now, all schools in Austria are mainly in Austrian, and other languages and scripts are treated almost the same as foreign languages. They are elective courses and paid elective courses.
People are realistic. They don’t take entrance exams, they don’t need to find a job, and they have to pay extra for their studies. Gradually, people naturally don’t pay attention to them. The key words of nation and independence also fade out in everyone's life.
Even not long ago, Franz ordered the ban on all non-Austrian books and newspapers in the country.
Many people think that this will cause social unrest, but the reality is very face-saving. Except for some experts and scholars shouting, ordinary people simply don't care.
Nationalism also needs propaganda. If the propaganda channel is cut off, who knows what this is for ordinary people
Under the suppression of the government, it soon became an underground idea. If you want to spread it, it depends on the actual situation. Since the reform of the education system, young students have stopped playing with them.
Without the second death squad, the combat effectiveness of these people was greatly reduced. Stand up against the government? If you dare to do this, you have already entered, where is there a chance to wave to now
Fikovina, a Hungarian writer, one of the representatives of Hungarian nationalism.
It's just that he belongs to a moderate faction and opposes all violent revolutions. He did not follow Kossuth to seek independence, and even published articles criticizing the atrocities of the revolutionary party many times.
This non-threatening existence was naturally not washed away. He has been very worried recently, even more worried than when the Kingdom of Hungary was split up.
For a nationalist, the absence of Hungary is acceptable, because he does not reject being an Austrian, but without the Hungarian national language and script, he can't help it.
Not long ago, the host of the Hungarian Advance newspaper was suspended. Although this small newspaper is not in the mainstream, the sales volume of each issue is less than 1,000 copies, which is also the cause he strives for.
What made him even more unacceptable was that the Hungarian National School established by Count Istvan Sechenyi also included Hungarian as a paid elective, not a language of instruction.
Now he was going to fight with the school leaders, and he couldn't let the count's efforts go to waste. At this moment, he hated the revolutionaries headed by Kossuth immensely.
Had it not been for the rebellion of 1848, the Kingdom of Hungary would still have been the Kingdom of Hungary, and under the leadership of Count Istvan Szechenyi, they could have carried out social reforms and established an ideal Hungarian society.
There is no such thing as history. After losing their leaders, the Hungarian reformists became a mess, and many of them were incorporated by the Austrian government.
If there is no accident, it will not be long before Fickwena will accept the goodwill of the Austrian government, and now he still wants to work hard for the dream he once had.
"Headmaster Engels, why cancel the Hungarian language?" Fickwena asked
Engels explained: "Mr. Fickwena, you should know that the Hungarian National School has been maintained by donations from the outside world since its establishment, and we only charge a small amount of tuition.
In the past two years, the donations we have received have been greatly reduced, and the school's funding has been in trouble. Since a year ago, the salaries of the teaching staff have not been paid on time.
In order for the school to survive, we had to accept educational grants from the Austrian government.
According to the regulations of the Austrian Ministry of Education: All schools receiving government funding, primary and secondary education Austrian language as the only specialized language. "
This explanation, Engels has already said to many people. The actual situation at the school was even worse than he said.
Learning one more language will undoubtedly take up a lot of study time and affect the performance of other homework. Many parents have proposed to the school to cancel Hungarian.
Don't talk so much, they only care about the entrance exam. In this era, the chances of being able to go to university are inherently low. For the future of the next generation, many people can no longer care about that much.
"Is there no other way?" Fekwena asked, frowning.
Engels sighed and said, "Mr. Fickwena, your arms can't bend your thighs. After the incident in 1848, the Austrian government was very wary of nationalism. In the fields of culture and education, integrated education was comprehensively promoted.
This is a national policy set by the government, and unless we can get them to believe in us again, this suppression will not end, you know that is impossible. "
Rebellion, Revolution? These things are not unfamiliar to them, but this is not their strong point. Everyone has a family, who is willing to take risks
Moreover, today is different from the past. The domestic economy is growing rapidly, the social order is stable, and the people have no motivation for revolution at all.