What is the universe
Or what is the world we live in
The form in which a world is born determines, to some extent, the form in which it will end.
If a world was really created by an omnipotent and omniscient god in seven days, as in the legend, then it would eventually be destroyed in a catastrophe caused by the anger of the god, as in the legend.
In other words, if you want a world to really be analyzed, you must ensure that the world is rational from the beginning, and everything is generated according to certain rules, rather than a sudden thought of some unknown entity. .
For example, if you want to understand the principles of the human body, you must first ensure that the human body really evolved step by step from ancient apes, rather than being created by some god.
Otherwise, the final right of interpretation will always exist with the gods, and humans will never be able to figure out their own mysteries.
Then, the retina is attached backwards, the recurrent laryngeal nerve takes a long way, the trachea and esophagus share the opening, the fatal point of the temples that lacks protection, the nipples that are completely redundant for men (to prevent harmony), and the vagina that men lack for better reproduction ( Anti-harmony) stem bones will all be small flaws left by the gods in the process of creating human beings because they were not careful.
Rather than in the process of evolution, humans make active and passive choices in order to survive better and adapt to the environment.
For Richard, what he pursues is to analyze the current world and make the current world, like the earth, a universe that conforms to reason, rules, and logic.
So what kind of universe is the universe where the earth is located
Everything has been decided at the moment of birth.
According to the most consensus research results on earth, the universe where the earth is located was born from a unique big bang, which is the so-called big bang theory.
In the Big Bang theory, the initial state of the universe is called a singularity.
This is a point with infinitely small volume, infinite density, infinite gravity, and infinite space-time curvature. At this point, currently known physical laws cannot be applied, and space and time have no meaning.
In this state, the temperature of the universe is approximately 10^32 degrees, which is the so-called Planck temperature. At such a temperature, not to mention the atoms that constitute the basis of matter, even the protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus, and even the more basic particles - quarks, do not exist.
At this time, the universe is just a pot of highly concentrated energy soup.
Suddenly, at a moment, the singularity exploded, and the volume of the universe began to expand dramatically, increasing exponentially.
Within a few microseconds, the quarks combine into protons and neutrons in a ratio of 7:1, but they fail to form a stable nucleus. Because they are constantly harassed by neutrinos and antineutrinos, the anti-beta decay nuclear reactions triggered greatly inhibit the occurrence of nucleosynthesis.
This situation lasted until the age of the universe was close to one second, and the temperature of the universe dropped to the level of 10^11 degrees, which is about tens of billions of degrees. Neutrinos and antineutrinos finally no longer interact with nuclei, and the big bang nucleosynthesis really begins.
Later, when the age of the universe reaches two or three minutes, hydrogen, hydrogen isotopes, helium elements, and helium isotopes appear in sequence.
Among them, the isotope of hydrogen, deuterium (one proton, one neutron), is an intermediate product in the nuclear reaction chain. A large amount of deuterium finally forms helium (two protons, two neutrons) through different paths.
When the age of the universe reaches 3 minutes, almost all neutrons have entered helium. Because when the universe was born, the ratio of protons and neutrons was 7:1, so at this time, the mass ratio of hydrogen and helium was 6:2, or 3:1.
In other words, the universe at this time is 75% hydrogen and 25% helium. Their atomic numbers are 1 and 2 respectively, and their atomic weights are 1 and 4 respectively.
After that, the nuclear reaction continues. In the high-temperature environment, particles continue to collide, and small particles generate large particles. From particles with low atomic numbers, particles with high atomic numbers are generated. However, due to the limitations of physical principles, there are no stable atoms with atomic weights 5 and 8 in the universe. The stable atom lithium 6 with atomic weight 6 has a very small reaction cross section, so the next ion produced by the nuclear reaction is the isotope of lithium - lithium. 7.
During the process of this nuclear reaction, the volume of the universe became larger and larger due to the rapid expansion, and the temperature dropped faster and faster. By the time nuclear reactions produced a small amount of lithium-7, the universe had become very cold and nucleosynthesis was almost complete.
When the universe is one hour old, nucleosynthesis stops completely. The material composition of the universe at this time is about 75% hydrogen, 25% helium, and a very small amount of lithium-7, which is like a large ball of marshmallow-like gas. nebula.
This state lasts from one hour of the universe's age to about one billion years of the universe's age.
When the universe was 1 billion years old, certain locations in the gaseous nebula contained more matter, and under the influence of gravity, they would continue to attract more surrounding matter to gather. The density becomes higher and higher, and eventually when the gravitational force is greater than the internal support force, gravitational collapse occurs.
After gravitational collapse, the gaseous nebula in an area will split into smaller and smaller fragments. In each fragment, the collapsed gas will release gravitational potential energy in the form of thermal energy. As its temperature and pressure increase, these fragments slowly condense into a super-hot rotating gas called a protostar, and this is how the first generation of stars form.
After the formation of the first generation of stars, nucleosynthesis began to restart due to the high temperature environment inside the core, and elements with larger atomic numbers and atomic weights began to be synthesized one after another.
First, the already familiar hydrogen element undergoes fusion and nucleosynthesis into helium element. The energy in this fusion process is also used to resist the gravitational collapse caused by universal gravity and ensure the stability of the star's volume.
When all the hydrogen elements are exhausted, the equilibrium state of fusion energy and gravity is broken, and the star experiences a second gravity and collapses itself, which greatly increases the core temperature and pressure, reaching the conditions for helium fusion. Through the fusion of helium, Nucleosynthesis into carbon, oxygen, etc.
When the helium is exhausted, the third gravitational collapse begins again, the star collapses again, the core temperature and pressure further increase, and carbon and oxygen elements begin to fuse and nucleose into silicon.
If the star is not massive enough, it will die during a certain collapse process and evolve into a white dwarf (a star with a mass about one-tenth that of the sun) or a red giant (a star with a mass less than ten times that of the sun). And if the star is massive enough and this continues, elements after lithium will continue to be generated, such as neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, calcium...
However, there are still limits to this synthesis.
This limit is the element iron.
In the core of extremely massive stars, after multiple collapses, elements fuse and iron elements are produced through nucleosynthesis.
After most of the mass in the star's core has turned into iron, and after the star's core has turned into an iron core, the pressure generated is already very large. This causes most of the electrons in the center of the iron element to be pressed into the nucleus, combine with protons, and become neutrons, so that the core is almost entirely filled with neutrons.
Neutrons are extremely dense, so the iron atoms that want to undergo fusion are blocked when they reach the surface of the neutrons. Like a ball hitting a wall, they are bounced back hard and cannot enter the core.
In this way, no matter how much energy the star provides to the core, the iron cannot undergo the next step of fusion, and the life process of the star is locked. At this time, the elements from the outside to the innermost part of the star are hydrogen, helium, carbon, silicon, and iron.
After this continued for a period of time, the star's fusion stopped, and under the influence of gravity, the star began to collapse again.
Because there will be no new fusion restart this time, the star will produce an unprecedented super explosion, that is, a supernova explosion.
In this state, in a very short period of time, the temperature and pressure reach a new high, and elements after iron are generated, such as nickel, copper, zinc, etc., all the way to the element uranium.
Uranium is the element with the largest atomic number existing in nature. Elements with an atomic number exceeding uranium can only be synthesized artificially and cannot be obtained in nature.
This is the universe in which the earth exists.
In cognition, everything in the universe where the earth currently exists is composed of the pot of energy soup at the original singularity through explosion and nucleosynthesis.
In this universe, the most fundamental ingredients that make up every living thing and every object are traced back to an explosion.
In this universe, all life is not sacred because they all have the same past.
Their ending is also the same, they will eventually die.
Afterwards, dust returns to dust, and soil returns to soil, forming their particles and then forming a new life.
This is a cycle, a reincarnation that belongs to science. Your head may become a white cat in the next century, and your hands may come from the spine of a saber-toothed tiger in ancient times.
You, me and him are actually one.
In this universe where matter circulates, almost nothing is eternal. The only possibility of eternal existence is the ever-increasing entropy.
The universe will continue to expand, and the Prandtl temperature starting from the singularity Big Bang will continue to decrease, eventually gradually approaching absolute zero.
Slowly, all the stars will consume all their energy, extinguish one by one, and the entire universe will become darker and darker. Slowly, black holes continue to form and dominate the universe. Slowly, the black hole continues to emit Hawking radiation, and even the black hole itself begins to disappear.
Eventually, the entire universe reaches a state of maximum entropy, and all matter is evenly distributed in the universe. The universe becomes monotonous and dead, loses all vitality, and reaches the end of heat death determined from birth - when the hot pot of energy soup explodes at the singularity, it is determined that at some point in the distant future, it will end. Let cool completely.
The hot soup will eventually cool down, and the god of death will live forever!
…